“阳光规划”的实践与探索

“阳光规划”是浙江省率先在全省城乡规划领域推行的一项新的规划公众参与制度。通过建章立制．注重配套基础设施建设、加强监督等措施,将规划公众参与机制落到实处,提出了赋予公众参与的法律地位、拓展公众参与规划的层次及探索新型的公众参与方式的设想。     

Reduction potential of urban PM2.5 mortality risk using modern ventilation systems in buildings

Urban PM2.5 (particulate matter with aerodynamic diameter smaller than 2.5 microm) is associated with excess mortality and other health effects. Stationary sources are regulated and considerable effort is being put into developing low-pollution vehicles and environment-friendly transportation systems. While waiting for technological breakthroughs in emission controls, the current work assesses the exposure reductions achievable by a complementary means: efficient filtration of supply air in buildings. For this purpose infiltration factors for buildings of different ages are quantified using Exposures of Adult Urban Populations in Europe Study (EXPOLIS) measurements of indoor and outdoor concentrations in a population-based probability sample of residential and occupational buildings in Helsinki, Finland. These are entered as inputs into an evaluated simulation model to compare exposures in the current scenario with an alternative scenario, where the distribution of ambient PM2.5 infiltration factors in all residential and occupational buildings are assumed to be similar to the subset of existing occupational buildings using supply air filters. In the alternative scenario exposures to ambient PM2.5 were reduced by 27%. Compared with source controls, a significant additional benefit is that infiltration affects particles from all outdoor sources. The large fraction of time spent indoors makes the reduction larger than what probably can be achieved by local transport policies or other emission controls in the near future. PRACTICAL IMPLICATIONS: It has been suggested that indoor concentrations of ambient particles and the associated health risks can be reduced by using mechanical ventilation systems with supply air filtering in buildings. The current work quantifies the effects of these concentration reductions on population exposures using population-based data from Helsinki and an exposure model. The estimated exposure reductions suggest that correctly defined building codes may reduce annual premature mortality by hundreds in Finland and by tens of thousands in the developed world altogether.     

对高校交往空间设计优化的建议--在嘉兴学院校园交往空间状况调查后的思考

现代社会对高素质、复合型人才的需求．促使高等教育由传统灌输式教学转向多元化教育，学习场所不再局限于课堂，大学交往空间作为人们喜爱的多元化人性空间，在发挥高校环境育人中起着十分重要的作用。该文就交往空间设计优化进行针对性的探索，为高校环境建设提供了借鉴。     

城市绿地健康影响机制的理论和实证研究综述

城市绿地在营造健康的人居环境方 面发挥着重要的作用。大量研究证明了城市 绿地和公共健康的相关性，但仅凭相关性分 析无法得出因果关系。部分学者提出城市绿 地健康影响机制的理论研究并进行了相关的 实证研究。如何定量分析城市绿地对公共健 康的影响机制值得深入探讨。通过梳理城市 绿地健康影响机制的理论基础；采用范围综 述的方法分析现有实证研究中的研究方法、 研究变量和数据获取，讨论造成研究结果不 一致的原因；并从优化研究设计、检验多重理 论路径、多维度评估城市绿地特征3方面提 出改进实证研究的建议。最后，基于有调节 的中介模型和证据综合，提出城市绿地对公 共健康的影响机制。以期完善城市绿地如何 发挥健康效益的认知，也为城市绿地促进公 共健康的循证证据综合提供科学证据。     

Application of real-time quantitative PCR for the detection of selected bacterial pathogens during municipal wastewater treatment

Bacteria were detected at five stages of municipal wastewater treatment using TaqMan(R) real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR). Thirteen probe and primer sets were tested for diverse pathogens that may be present in wastewater, including Aeromonas hydrophila, Bacillus cereus, Clostridium perfringens, Enterococcus faecalis, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, Helicobacter pylori, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Legionella pneumophila, Listeria monocytogenes, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Salmonella sp., and Staphylococcus aureus. The sensitivity of the assay was 100 fg of genomic DNA (=22 gene copies), based on a standard curve generated using A. hydrophila purified DNA. Samples from five stages of wastewater treatment were collected, including raw wastewater, primary effluents, mixed liquor, waste activated sludge and final effluents. In duplicate samples, E. coli, K. pneumoniae, C. perfringens and E. faecalis were detected throughout the wastewater process, and their numbers decreased by 3.52-3.98, 4.23-4.33, 3.15-3.39, and 3.24 orders of magnitude respectively, between the raw wastewater and final effluent stage. This qPCR method was effective for the detection of pathogens in wastewater and confirmed that the risk of exposure to pathogens in the wastewater discharge was well within the Environment Canada guidelines.     

The relative influence of wind,sunlight and temperature on user comfort in urban outdoor spaces

This paper presents the development of a comfort index that measures adaptivity in outdoor spaces. Over a 9-month period 649 people were surveyed in three locations, in temperatures between 10 and 28 °C. An exploratory factor analysis develops a 15-item scale of comfort that includes measures of adaptivity: clothing, exposure time and seating location. The scale is regressed on physical measures: average instantaneous wind speed; maximum wind speed; mean-exposed radiant temperature; mean-shaded radiant temperature and ambient temperature. The results model the relative contributions of the microclimatic factors for the comfort in the outdoor space. Analyses suggest gustiness and wind speed are most important in determining user satisfaction. There is strong support for the theory that people actively adapt to microclimatic conditions.     

公共领域的本质与表象

市民生活中公共领域的本质和表象包括有适合于地区中心和建筑所表达的适当的纪念性，同时要建立起具有地方特色的高水准的日常管理。欧林事务所近期在纽约市公共空间改善方面的工作提供了最适宜的和熟悉的公共领域。在这里，作者对欧林事务所在巴特办公园城、布赖恩特公园的设计作品和斯洛文尼亚的卢布尔雅那市的普列兹涅克公共空间的改善进行了比较，两者都表达了一种设计的共产主义观点，即（景观设计）是为日常活动和稳定的市民生活提供引导和建设性构架，而不是感性或形式的表达。     

构建海滨特色的城市公共空间系统——以珠海市公共健身游憩系统规划为例

珠海市公共健身游憩系统规划提出"构造覆盖全市开敞空间的户外公共健身游憩空间系统"的目标,以海洋岛屿、乡村郊野、滨海休闲、城市密集区等为特征划分健身主题功能区,形成城市户外健身游憩空间系统、公共体育用地系统两个层次的健身游憩空间系统,以及一条生态康体绿道.     

突发公共卫生事件背景下乡村治理的应对思考

面对突如其来的新型冠状病毒肺炎疫情,各省市先后启动重大事件一级响应,构建应急响应系统,一时间社会协调、卫生防疫、城乡管理、慈善公益和科研教育等面临严峻考验。城市成为抗疫的"主战场",乡村则是抗疫的"大后方"。文章以笔者"被困"的湖南省永州市祁阳县X村的所见所闻为基础,尝试从多学科融合的角度,思考在疫情过程中乡村治理的应对及暴露的问题,并尝试分析问题产生的原因,提出新时期乡村治理的相关建议。     

从实态调研及与国外城市的比较看南京市公共图书馆设置规划

本研究以公共图书馆在南京市主城区内的设置规划作为中心问题,考察南京市民读书活动状况,把握南京市公共图书馆的现状和被利用方式,与日本名古屋市的图书馆进行了比较。并在此基础上,提出南京市公共图书馆今后设置规划的指针。